Data science, from scratch, in every language we can get our hands on.

Each concept is explained once, then implemented in 29 languages, including Python, R, and COBOL, using only what ships with each language. No NumPy, no pandas, no packages.

Every example runs. The code on each page is the exact file our test harness ran, and its output had to match the same expected answer in every language.

Start with a concept to see one idea written several ways side by side, or start with a language to see how it handles each idea.

Browse concepts → Browse languages →

Coverage

Concepts down the side, languages across the top. Each mark links to that implementation.

● from scratch · ◆ built-in